Weer bewijs voor relatie
fructose-siroop en overgewicht
Het "zesde zintuig" van
de hersenen voor calorieën ontdekt
De hersenen kunnen de calorieën in de
voeding waarnemen, onafhankelijk van het smaakmechanisme. Onderzoekers hebben dit
ondervonden in studies bij muizen. Hun conclusie is dat het beloningssysteem van de
hersenen wordt ingeschakeld door dit "zesde zintuig" kan gevolgen hebben voor
het begrijpen van de oorzaken van obesitas. Bijvoorbeeld, de bevindingen suggereren waarom
high-fructose maïssiroop, op grote schaal gebruikt als zoetstof in voedingsmiddelen,
kunnen bijdragen aan obesitas.
Ivan de Araujo en zijn collega's publiceren
hun bevindingen in de uitgave van 27 maart 2008 van het tijdschrift Neuron. In hun
experimenten werkten de onderzoekers met genetisch gemodificeerde muizen die
"zoet-blind" zijn gemaakt, ze ontbreken een belangrijk onderdeel van smaak
receptor cellen die de zoete smaak kunnen opsporen. De onderzoekers voerden dan
gedragstesten uit waarin ze normale muizen vergeleken met "zoet-blinde" muizen
om te zien of hun voorkeur uitging naar suiker of de zoetstof sucralose zonder calorieën.
In deze tests bleken de zoete-blinde muizen een voorkeur te hebben voor suikerwater dat
calorieën bevat, dat dus niet afhankelijk was van hun vermogen om te proeven, maar van de
calorie-inhoud.
In het analyseren van de hersenen van de
zoet-blinde muizen toonden de onderzoekers aan dat het "beloningscircuit" van de
dieren was ingeschakeld door de inname van calorieën, onafhankelijk van het smaakvermogen
van de dieren. Uit die analyse is gebleken dat het niveau van chemische dopamine van de
hersenen, waarvan bekend is dat het centraal staat in het activeren van het
beloningscircuit, verhoogd met de inname van calorieën. Ook elektrofysiologische studies
toonden aan dat neuronen in het voedselbelonende gebied, de zogenaamde nucleus accumbens,
werden geactiveerd door de inname van calorieën, onafhankelijk van smaak.
Significant, de onderzoekers ondervonden
dat een voorkeur voor sucrose boven sucralose pas wordt ontwikkeld na tien minuten van een
uur durende voedingssessie en dat neuronen in de beloningsregio ook reageerden met
dezelfde vertraging. "In het kort, we toonden aan dat dopamine-ventrale striatum
beloningssystemen, voordien geassocieerd met de opsporing en de toewijzing van de
beloningswaarde aan smakelijke verbindingen, reageren op de calorische waarde van sucrose
in de afwezigheid van smaak receptor signalering," concludeerde de onderzoekers.
"Dus deze trajecten van de hersenen beïnvloeden niet uitsluitend de sensorisch
gerelateerde impact van voedingsmiddelen, maar kunnen ook functies vervullen die voorheen
niet geïdentificeerd/niet gekend waren met de opsporing van maagdarm- en
stofwisselingssignalen," schreven ze.
De wetenschappelijke vragen die door de
ontdekking van het calorie-waarnemende systeem van de hersenen opduiken zijn uiterst
belangrijk voor het begrijpen van de pathogenie en sociologie van de menselijke
zwaarlijvigheid," schreven Zane Andrews en Tamas Horvath in een preview van het
artikel in hetzelfde nummer van Neuron. "Bijvoorbeeld, maïssiroop (fructose-siroop)
hoog in fructose is een alomtegenwoordige zoetstof in de Amerikaanse samenleving, en er
zijn aanwijzingen dat fructose niet zo effectief is als sucrose in het beëindigen van een
maaltijd. Het kan zijn dat fructose een sterkere activering van het beloningssysteem
teweegbrengt en dat het verwijderen van maïssiroop hoog in fructose als zoetstof de zin
voor deze producten zal intomen. Naast deze huidige studie zal de wetenschappelijke
gemeenschap verder galvaniseren om te begrijpen hoe hoger cognitieve centra in de hersenen
de voedselinname controleren en het lichaamsgewicht regelen", schreven Andrews en
Horvath.
De onderzoekers zijn:
" Ivan E. de Araujo, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;
" Albino J. Oliveira-Maia, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, Universidade
do Porto, Porto, Portugal;
" Tatyana D. Sotnikova, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;
" Raul R. Gainetdinov, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;
" Marc G. Caron, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC;
" Miguel A.L. Nicolelis, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC en
" Sidney A. Simon, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
Bron: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/cp-bs032008.php
Vertaling: Natalie de Houwer
Fructosesiroop versnelt chronische
nieraandoeningen
Fructose, but not dextrose, accelerates the
progression of chronic kidney disease
Michael S. Gersch,1,2 Wei Mu,1 Pietro
Cirillo,1 Sirirat Reungjui,1 Li Zhang,1 Carlos Roncal,1 Yuri Y. Sautin,1 Richard J.
Johnson,1 and Takahiko Nakagawa1
1Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Florida; and 2North
Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
The metabolic syndrome has recently been
recognized as a risk factor for kidney disease, but the mechanisms mediating this risk
remain unclear. High fructose consumption by animals produces a model of the metabolic
syndrome with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. The present study was
conducted to test the hypothesis that consumption of a high-fructose diet could accelerate
the progression of chronic kidney disease.
In conclusion, consumption of a
high-fructose diet greatly accelerates progression of chronic kidney disease in the rat
remnant kidney model.
http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/293/4/F1256
Boek - The Sugar Fix
Uncover the High Fructose Fall-Out That Is
Making You Fat and Sick. By identifying fructose as the main culprit in the American
obesity epidemic, this new diet will reduce the risk of a number of serious health
problems and take off those extra pounds In The Sugar Fix, Dr. Richard Johnson uses
results from his pioneering research on the link between a high-fructose diet and the
metabolic syndrome to connect the American obesity epidemic directly to a frightening
escalation in our fructose consumption.
It comes as no surprise that the sugar is
found in processed foods like candy, baked goods, canned foods, and frozen meals in the
form of high-fructose corn syrup, but it is also hidden in less obvious foods like peanut
butter, egg products, and soups. In fact, many fruits and vegetables contain high levels
of it naturally. Dr. Johnson shows how to dramatically cut back on the sweetener by making
effective substitutions.
His 2-week program features daily meal
plans containing less than 5 grams of fructose. After the 2-week start-up period, Dr.
Johnson shows readers how to limit long-term fructose intake to 25 grams per day,
one-quarter of the amount the average American now ingests. Rather than prescribing the
low-carb approach of so many recent diets, Dr. Johnson recommends a formula that is much
easier to enjoy and stick to: 55 percent carbs, 25 percent fat, and 20 percent protein.
The immediate benefit of this diet is to help anyone shed excess weight. The additional
benefits are even more impressive-reduced risk for serious health problems such as high
blood pressure, elevated blood fats, and insulin resistance. These conditions are directly
linked to heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and stroke.
RICHARD JOHNSON, MD, has been a practicing
physician and clinical scientist for more than a quarter of a century. Previously chief of
nephrology and director of renal transplantation at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston,
Dr. Johnson is now chief of nephrology, hypertension, and transplantation at the
University of Florida in Gainesville.
http://www.rodalestore.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId
=10002&storeId=10051&productId=113384&langId=-1&nav_wt=search
Teveel fructose in lever wordt
opgeslagen als vet
Referring to the three ways the body uses
glucose, assuming that blood glucose levels are adequate, the glucose will then be stored
as glycogen. Muscle does not have the necessary enzymes to synthesize fructose into
glycogen; therefore the liver converts this fructose into liver glycogen. It would only
take three, 8-ounce glasses of orange juice to fully replenish liver glycogen stores.
Since the liver is responsible for supplying energy to the entire body, once its stores
are full, a rate limiting enzyme in glucose metabolism, which is responsible for signaling
the body to store glucose as glycogen or convert it to fat (phosphofructokinase), signals
the body that all stores are full. If the glycogen stores are signaled as full, then the
third way our body uses excess glucose is to convert it to fatty acids and store as
adipose tissue. In essence, fruit sugar is easily converted to fat. Many may be
asking why then is fruit low on the glycemic index? If it does not cause a sudden release
of insulin, then how could it ever be a poor food choice? Once the fructose (fruit sugar)
enters the liver and liver glycogen is already full, then it cannot be used by the muscles
for glycogen or energy production. It is converted to fat and released back into the
bloodstream to be stored as adipose tissue. The low glycemic response is based on the fact
that fructose leaves the liver as fat, and fat does not raise insulin levels.
http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/issa14.htm
Studie - laag magnesium + hoge
fructose inname is verhoogde kans op ontstekingen en metabool syndroom
High fructose consumption combined with low
dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing
inflammation.Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Nowacki
Magnes Res. 2006 Dec;19(4):237-43, W, Rock
E, Mazur A. INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont Ferrand/Theix, 63122
Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France. yrayssig@clermont.inra.fr
Since magnesium deficiency has a
pro-inflammatory effect, the expected consequence would be an increased risk of developing
insulin resistance when magnesium deficiency is combined with a high-fructose diet.
Accordingly, magnesium deficiency combined with a high-fructose diet induces insulin
resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial activation and prothrombic changes in
combination with the upregulation of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=
17402291&cmd=showdetailview&indexed=google
Fructose de echte dikmaker....
Succesvol afvallen? Vermijdt dat 2
weken alle fructose in je dieet (dus ook fruit)......
Book: Fructose ‘missing link’ in obesity epidemic
Could the simple sugar responsible for
putting the sweet in everything from bananas to root beer be the missing link in
understanding what puts the fat on a person’s thighs? Yes, according to a book penned
by a University of Florida researcher that was published today. In his book, “The
Sugar Fix: The High-Fructose Fallout That Is Making You Fat And Sick,” Dr. Richard
Johnson reviews the increasing evidence that fructose may play a role in the obesity
epidemic and proposes a low-fructose diet he believes could help people lose weight and
potentially prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
“We recognize that obesity has
multiple causes, including eating too much and exercising too little, but we think a
missing piece of the obesity puzzle is fructose intake,” said Johnson, the J. Robert
Cade professor of medicine and chief of the division of nephrology, hypertension and
transplantation in the UF College of Medicine. “It’s not fructose itself that is
the problem, but eating too much of it.”
Americans consume nearly three times as
much fructose as a century ago, Johnson said. Although the major source of fructose is
soft drinks, it’s found in a variety of foods such as fruit, juice, sweetened cereals
and pastries.
“We think fructose makes you obese not
simply by the calories it provides but because it also tricks hormonal systems that
control appetite,” Johnson said. “You don’t get a sense of being full so
you keep eating. It (fructose) may also be important in the development of diabetes,
kidney disease and heart disease.
“An additional problem is that the
more fructose you eat, the more sensitive you become to it,” Johnson said. “If
you want to have success losing weight, you have to cut out fructose for two weeks.
At that point you are no longer as sensitive and you can resume a low-fructose diet with
ease.”
http://news.ufl.edu/2008/04/01/fructose-3/
HFCS is niet natuurlijk volgens FDA
De Amerikaanse FDA heeft de
voedingsindustrie in Amerika op de kast gejaagd door te bepalen dat pordukten die HFCS
(fructose-glucosesiroop) bevatten natuurlijk zijn. Dit vanwege het feit dat dit maissiroop
dusdanig chemisch is veranderd dat het niet meer en natuurlijk produkt is.
http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=84404-fcs-natural
En juist deze raffinage en hoge
concentratie zorgt ervoor dat het wel eens de belangrijkste aanjager kan zijn van
diabetes, vette lever en overgewicht. Combineer je deze stof met smaakversterkers en veel
koolhydraten dan heb je de winnende dikmaak combinatie en val je misschien ook in de
handen van de Noordhollandse Sonja Ontbijtkoek. Vermijden als de pest dus......
Toch relatie frisdrank
fructosesiroop en diabetes bij kinderen !!
Ik vervloek deze siroop die in veel
frisdranken, snoepgoed, broodbeleg, mayo/ketcchup en industrie produkten zit al bijna 3
jaar maar nu komen er dan toch harde bewijzen mbt de rol bij het ontwikkelen van oa
diabetes bij kinderen. Hopelijk gaat de overheid en het Voedingscentrum nu echt eens iets
doen aan de preventie van diabetes bij kinderen. Of betalen zij de prijs voor dit
industrievriendelijke clubje dat van belangenverstrengeling aan elkaar hangt en pas de put
dempt als de kalveren verdronken zijn ?
Patricia Schutte, niet alleen studies
noemen die de industrie gunstig uitkomen !
Of blijven we ongezonde produkten prijzen
geven?
http://www.foodlog.nl/comments.php?id=998_0_1_0_C
Ron
New evidence suggests that
sodas sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup may increase the risk of diabetes,
particularly in children.
BOSTON, Aug. 23, 2007 —
Researchers have found new evidence that soft drinks sweetened with high-fructose corn
syrup (HFCS) may contribute to the development of diabetes, particularly in children. In a
laboratory study of commonly consumed carbonated beverages, the scientists found that
drinks containing the syrup had high levels of reactive compounds that have been shown by
others to have the potential to trigger cell and tissue damage that could cause the
disease, which is at epidemic levels. They reported here today at the 234th national
meeting of the American Chemical Society.
HFCS is a sweetener found in many foods
and beverages, including non-diet soda pop, baked goods, and condiments. It is has become
the sweetener of choice for many food manufacturers because it is considered more
economical, sweeter and more easy to blend into beverages than table sugar. Some
researchers have suggested that high-fructose corn syrup may contribute to an increased
risk of diabetes as well as obesity, a claim which the food industry disputes. Until now,
little laboratory evidence has been available on the topic.
In the current study, Chi-Tang Ho,
Ph.D., conducted chemical tests among 11 different carbonated soft drinks containing HFCS.
He found ‘astonishingly high’ levels of reactive carbonyls in those beverages.
These undesirable and highly-reactive compounds associated with “unbound”
fructose and glucose molecules are believed to cause tissue damage, says Ho, a professor
of food science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J. By contrast, reactive
carbonyls are not present in table sugar, whose fructose and glucose components are
“bound” and chemically stable, the researcher notes.
Reactive carbonyls also are elevated in
the blood of individuals with diabetes and linked to the complications of that disease.
Based on the study data, Ho estimates that a single can of soda contains about five times
the concentration of reactive carbonyls than the concentration found in the blood of an
adult person with diabetes. Ho and his associates also found that adding tea components to
drinks containing HFCS may help lower the levels of reactive carbonyls. The scientists
found that adding epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a compound in tea, significantly
reduced the levels of reactive carbonyl species in a dose-dependent manner when added to
the carbonated soft drinks studied. In some cases, the levels of reactive carbonyls were
reduced by half, the researchers say.
“People consume too much
high-fructose corn syrup in this country,” says Ho. “It’s in way too many
food and drink products and there’s growing evidence that it’s bad for
you.” The tea-derived supplement provides a promising way to counter its potentially
toxic effects, especially in children who consume a lot of carbonated beverages, he says.
But eliminating or reducing consumption of HFCS is preferable, the researchers note. They
are currently exploring the chemical mechanisms by which tea appears to neutralize the
reactivity of the syrup.
Ho’s group is also probing the
mechanisms by which carbonation increases the amount of reactive carbonyls formed in sodas
containing HFCS. They note that non-carbonated fruit juices containing HFCS have one-third
the amount of reactive carbonyl species found in carbonated sodas with HFCS, while
non-carbonated tea beverages containing high-fructose corn syrup, which already contain
EGCG, have only about one-sixth the levels of carbonyls found in regular soda.
In the future, food and drink
manufacturers could reduce concerns about HFCS by adding more EGCG, using less HFCS, or
replacing the syrup with alternatives such as regular table sugar, Ho and his associates
say. Funding for this study was provided by the Center for Advanced Food Technology of
Rutgers University. Other researchers involved in the study include Chih-Yu Lo, Ph.D.;
Shiming Li, Ph.D.; Di Tan, Ph.D.; and Yu Wang, a doctoral student.
Suikerrijke (fructose siroop)
drankjes zorgen voor vette lever en overgewicht
Dr. Ina Bergheim ( University of Hohenheim
in Duitsland) deed onderzoek naar suikerwater en het effect op de lever bij muizen. De
muizen die suikerwater dronken werden dikker en hadden meer kans op een vette lever, met
name wanneer er fructose suiker was gebruikt. Dr. Adrian Di Bisceglie van de St. Louis
University wijst erop dat vette lever een belangrijke oorzaak is van overgewicht en dat de
laatste decennia met name het gebruik van HFCS fructose suiker (fructose mais siroop)
gigantisch is toegenomen.
http://today.reuters.com/news/2006-11-01
Fructose stroop -
slecht voor je lijn en lever
Rond 1970 kwamen
levensmiddelentechnologen op het sprankelende idee om de glucosestroop die je uit
maïs kunt winnen, om te zetten in fructosestroop. Fructose is aanzienlijk zoeter
dan glucose, maïs kost nauwelijks meer dan drinkwater en ook het chemische
omzettingsproces is spotgoedkoop. Sindsdien stroomt de High Fructose Corn Syrup als een
aanzwellende, taaie vloedgolf over de wereld. Het zit overal in. Vooral in non-voeding als
frisdrank, koek en repen, maar ook in minder verdachte waren als muesli, worst, soep,
mosterd en ketchup.
Wat goed is voor de aandeelhouders van Coca Cola en Unilever, is de dood in de pot voor
jou. Sinds kort weten we dat dit honingzoete lieverdje van de levensmiddelen designers de
lever verandert in een op hol geslagen vetfabriek. Van fructosestroop word moddervet en
het kan je suikerziekte en/of een hartinfarct bezorgen.
[Bron:
Men's Health]
Produkten die glucose-fructosestroop
bevatten:
Katja - Apekoppen
Katja - Kokindjes
Katja - Kattekoppen
Katja - Zure matjes
D'ice Vanille soja-ijs 140ml
D'ice Aardbeien soja-ijs 1 liter
D'ice Vanille soja-ijs 1 liter
D'ice Chocolade soja-ijs 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Aarbeien 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Amarenen 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Bitterkoekjes 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Chocosaus 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Pecan-karamel 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Peer-chocolade 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Rum-rozijnen 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Speciaal 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Stracciatelli 1 liter
Hertog Roomijs Walnoten 1 liter
Hertog Slagroomijs 1 liter
Yoghurtijs bosvruchten 1 liter
Prince Crispy Choc
Prince Start Naturel
Prince Start Choco
Prince Mini Stars
Prince Crispy Choc
Peijnenburg Koek reep Meergranen &
Rozijnen
Peijnenburg Koek reep Naturel
Peijnenburg Happers Snelontbijt repen
Peijnenburg Krokante reep Chocolade
Peijnenburg Krokante reep Joghurt
Becel pro.activ yoghurtdrink original
Sultana Yofruit
Mona verwenjoghurt
Internationale links
Potential role of sugar (fructose)
in the epidemic of hypertension, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, kidney
disease, and cardiovascular disease
Richard J Johnson, Mark S Segal, Yuri
Sautin, Takahiko Nakagawa, Daniel I Feig, Duk-Hee Kang, Michael S Gersch, Steven Benner
and Laura G Sánchez-Lozada
1 From the Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL (RJJ, MSS, YS, TN, and MSG); the Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Texas
Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (DIF); the Division of
Nephrology, Ewha Woman's University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (D-HK); the
Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Gainesville, FL (SB); and the Instituto
Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico (LGS-L)
Currently, we are experiencing an epidemic of cardiorenal disease characterized by
increasing rates of obesity, hypertension, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and
kidney disease. Whereas excessive caloric intake and physical inactivity are likely
important factors driving the obesity epidemic, it is important to consider additional
mechanisms. We revisit an old hypothesis that sugar, particularly excessive fructose
intake, has a critical role in the epidemic of cardiorenal disease. We also present
evidence that the unique ability of fructose to induce an increase in uric acid may be a
major mechanism by which fructose can cause cardiorenal disease. Finally, we suggest that
high intakes of fructose in African Americans may explain their greater predisposition to
develop cardiorenal disease, and we provide a list of testable predictions to evaluate
this hypothesis.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/4/899
Too Much Fructose Could Leave
Dieters Sugar Shocked
Dieters should focus on limiting the amount
of fructose they eat instead of cutting out starchy foods such as bread, rice and
potatoes, report the researchers, who propose using new dietary guidelines based on
fructose to gauge how healthy foods are.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071212201311.htm
Consuming Fructose-sweetened
Beverages Increases Body Adiposity in Mice
Exposure to fructose water increased
adiposity, whereas increased fat mass after consumption of soft drinks or diet soft drinks
did not reach statistical significance (n = 9 each group). Total intake of energy was
unaltered, because mice proportionally reduced their caloric intake from chow. There was a
trend toward reduced energy expenditure and increased respiratory quotient, albeit not
significant, in the fructose group. Furthermore, fructose produced a hepatic lipid
accumulation with a characteristic pericentral pattern.
http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v13/n7/abs/oby2005136a.html
Vorsicht Glukosesirup! Das
Glykoproteinsyndrom - Ursache vieler Krankheiten?
Glukosesirup wird wegen seiner milden
Süße und vor allem seiner Klebrigkeit seit 40 Jahren von der Nahrungsmittelindustrie
verwendet. Ob Konfitüre, Schokolade, Yoghurt, Eis – er steckt „fast
überall” drin, selbst in Bio-Produkten. Nach den Erkenntnissen von Dr. med. Hartwig
Carstensen läßt sich darauf eine Vielzahl „moderner” Krankheiten von Allergien
über Rheuma und Morbus Crohn bis zur Schuppenflechte zurückführen. Carstensen spricht
von einem „Glykoproteinsyndrom” – und verspricht Heilung, sofern der
Auslöser gemieden wird.
http://www.naturarzt-access.de/sixcms/list.php?page=business_
b&packet=80332&ebene1=80400&di=963041
Corn sweeteners likely culprit
USA Today (Society for the Advancement of
Education), Oct, 2004
By coupling extensive Department of
Agriculture food consumption data and their own analyses with previous research,
nutritionists have concluded that high-fructose sweeteners made from corn are partially
responsible for the growing national obesity epidemic. Introduction of the
sweeteners, which are cheaper to produce and use in food manufacturing than cane and beet
sugars, correspond closely time-wise with the epidemic's start, the researchers claim.
Several other biological factors associated with high-fructose corn sweeteners appear to
boost their negative effects on Americans' waistlines as well.
"Body weights rose slowly for most of
the 20th century until the late 1980s," says George A. Bray, Boyd professor at the
Louisiana State University System's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge.
"At that time, many countries showed a sudden increase in the rate at which obesity
has been galloping forward."
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2713_133/ai_n6237867
Dr. Meira Fields -
the double danger of high fructose corn syrup
Until the 1970s most of the sugar we ate came from sucrose derived from sugar beets or
sugar cane. Then sugar from corn—corn syrup, fructose, dextrose, dextrine and
especially high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)—began to gain popularity as a sweetener
because it was much less expensive to produce. High fructose corn syrup can be manipulated
to contain equal amounts of fructose and glucose, or up to 80 percent fructose and 20
percent glucose.2 Thus, with almost twice the fructose, HFCS delivers a double danger
compared to sugar.
(With regards to fruit, the ratio is usually 50 percent glucose and 50 percent fructose,
but most commercial fruit juices have HFCS added. Fruit contains fiber which slows down
the metabolism of fructose and other sugars, but the fructose in HFCS is absorbed very
quickly.)
In 1980 the average person ate 39 pounds of fructose and 84 pounds of sucrose. In 1994 the
average person ate 66 pounds of sucrose and 83 pounds of fructose, providing 19 percent of
total caloric energy.3 Today approximately 25 percent of our average caloric intake comes
from sugars, with the larger fraction as fructose.4
High fructose corn syrup is extremely soluble and mixes well in many foods. It is cheap to
produce, sweet and easy to store. It’s used in everything from bread to pasta sauces
to bacon to beer as well as in “health products” like protein bars and
“natural” sodas.
Washingtonpost
- Sweet but Not So Innocent?
High-Fructose Corn Syrup May Act More Like
Fat Than Sugar in the Body
Fructose is a different story. It
"appears to behave more like fat with respect to the hormones involved in body weight
regulation," explains Peter Havel, associate professor of nutrition at the University
of California, Davis. "Fructose doesn't stimulate insulin secretion. It doesn't
increase leptin production or suppress production of ghrelin. That suggests that consuming
a lot of fructose, like consuming too much fat, could contribute to weight gain."
Whether it actually does do this is not known "because the studies have not been
conducted," said Havel.
Another concern is the action of fructose
in the liver, where it is converted into the chemical backbone of trigylcerides more
efficiently than glucose. Like low-density lipoprotein -- the most damaging form of
cholesterol -- elevated levels of trigylcerides are linked to an increased risk of heart
disease. A University of Minnesota study published in the American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition in 2000 found that in men, but not in women, fructose "produced
significantly higher [blood] levels" than did glucose. The researchers, led by J.P
Bantle, concluded that "diets high in added fructose may be undesirable, particularly
for men."
The dangers of
corn syrup
The most striking evidence comes from recent animal studies. When rats fed a low-copper,
high fructose diet were compared with rats fed a low-copper diet high in complex
carbohydrates, the difference in longevity was enormous. "Rats normally live for a
good two years," explains Meira Fields, Ph.D., research chemist at the USDA in
Beltsville, Maryland. "But the rats in my study fed a high-fructose, low copper diets
are dying after 5 weeks." One of the few human studies of low-copper, high-fructose
diets was abruptly stopped when 4 of the 24 subjects developed heart-related
abnormalities, according to Fields.
High fructose diets have also been
implicated in the development of adult-onset diabetes. Fructose, especially when combined
with other sugars, reduces stores of chromium, a mineral essential for maintaining
balanced insulin levels, according to Richard Anderson, Ph.D., lead scientist at the Human
Nutrition Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland.
Fructose Is No Answer for
a Sweetener - Nancy Appleton
The consumption of fructose (corn syrup) has risen considerably in the general population
within recent years. In 1980 the average person ate 39 pounds of fructose and 84 pounds of
sucrose. In 1994 the average person ate 66 pounds of sucrose and 83 pounds of fructose.
This 149 pounds is approximately 19% of the average person's diet.
This increase is due to several factors.
There was a decreased use of cane and beet sugar (sucrose) in processed foods and a wide
spread use of corn syrup due because sugar manufacturers realized that corn was cheaper to
process into sugar than cane or beet. Cane sugar and beet sugar are made up of
approximately 50% glucose and 50% fructose.
Corn sweetener is approximately 20% glucose
and 80% fructose. Corn sweetener is absorbed only 40% as quickly as glucose and causes
only a modest rise in blood sugar. A few years ago the medical community revealed that
there was good news for diabetics. Many people had previously known that table sugar
(sucrose) was not a healthy food for diabetics because it raised their blood sugar levels
above normal.
Since diabetics have a hard time
maintaining healthy blood sugar levels, doctors counseled diabetics not to eat sugar. The
new revelation was that diabetics could eat fructose because fructose did not raise their
blood sugar level extremely high. So far so good, but there is more.
Many doctors were recommending fructose
instead of glucose. Today fructose is not only being used by some diabetics but it is used
for a variety of foods, drinks and confectionery around the world. It is used for candies
for diabetics, desserts for weight watchers, drinks for the sportsman and jelly for the
health conscious. The medical community recommended it because of a low increase in
glucose in the blood. The scientists did not look at other factors in the body when a
person eats sugar. Let's look at some of these factors now. Fructose has no enzymes,
vitamins, and minerals and robs the body of its micronutrient treasures in order to
assimilate itself for physiological use. Fructose browns food more readily (Maillard
reaction) than with glucose. This may seem like a good idea, but it is not.
The Maillard reaction, a browning reaction,
happens with any sugar. With fructose it happens seven times faster with than glucose,
results in a decrease in protein quality and a toxicity of protein in the body. This is
due to the loss of amino acid residues and decreased protein digestibility. Maillard
products can inhibit the uptake and metabolism of free amino acids and other nutrients
such as zinc and some advanced Maillard products have mutagenic and/or carcinogenic
properties. The Maillard reactions between proteins and fructose, glucose, and other
sugars may play a role in aging and in some clinical complications of diabetes.
Ban
of HFCS products by health supermarkets
Last week, Earth Fare, a chain of nine "healthy" supermarkets based
in Asheville, N.C., announced it would ban all products made with high fructose corn
syrup. "Over a third of our sodas and energy bars will have to be removed, some of
them best sellers," said Earth Fare Director of Purchasing David Bowles. "We
were the first chain to ban hydrogenated oils from our shelves, and now we set the
standard again, putting customer health before profit," added Earth Fare CEO and
President Michael Cianciarulo.
Soft drinks, high-fructose corn syrup
promote diabetes, says study
Data collected from a study of 51, 603 nurses in the United States found that women who
drank one serving of non-diet soda or fruit punch daily, which was sweetened with either
sugar or high-fructose corn syrup, gained more weight, an average of 10.3 pounds, than
women who drank less than one per month. The study was conducted over four years.
In addition, the sugar consumers had an 82%
increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, since high blood sugar puts a burden on the
pancreas to produce insulin. Men who drink these beverages would also be subject to the
same risks. If you find this article interesting, be sure to also read 'Breakthrough cure
for diabetes isn't so; news headlines mislead type 2 diabetics.'
Corn syrup is a syrup made from maize,
composed mainly of glucose. It is used to sweeten soft drinks, juices, ice cream, and many
other mass-produced foods. Its liquid form keeps foods moist and prevents them from
quickly spoiling. In many areas it is less expensive than sugar due to agricultural
policy, e.g. the United States subsidizes its production while taxing sugar imports.
A variety of corn syrup called high
fructose corn syrup is often used to cheaply improve the flavor of food. A portion of the
glucose in ordinary corn syrup is converted to fructose through the incubation with the
enzyme glucose isomerase. This process, invented by Japanese researchers in the 1970s,
increases the fructose content of corn syrup to 42%. Because fructose is a much sweeter
monosaccharide than glucose, the sweetness of the syrup increases relative to corn syrup.
Fructose is also more desirable than glucose as it increases in solubility at low
temperatures (so more can be concentrated per unit weight). Through further processing,
the fructose content can be increased to 55% (yielding a product that has the same
sweetness as sucrose) or any desired higher amount. Common commercial grades of high
fructose corn syrup include grades having 42%, 55%, or 90% fructose.
The cheapness and abundance of high
fructose corn syrup has generated opinions that the substance has a propensity to induce
Type II Diabetes. While this is generally accepted as true, it is misleading, because
"normal" table sugar (sucrose) is also widely implicated as a cause of diabetes.
Once ingested, sucrose is quickly converted to glucose and fructose by the enzyme
invertase.
Source: Wikipedia
High fructose corn syrup
may leave you hungry...
High fructose corn syrup can raise both
blood sugar and insulin levels. But it doesn't have the same impact as other forms of
carbohydrate such as glucose.
In other words, the calories in a soft
drink don't cause a feeling of fullness in the way that calories from food do, promoting a
higher calorie and sugar intake.
Although it's certainly one of the
culprits, high fructose corn syrup is not the only reason for the obesity epidemic. The
occasional soft drink won't make you fat or give you type II diabetes and heart disease.
An extra-large soda every day, however, is not a good idea.
Make sure to check the labels of other
foods you eat to make sure you're not getting a hidden dose of high fructose corn syrup.
You'll find it in soft drinks, ice cream and frozen desserts, especially the low-fat
versions.
Soft drink manufacturers have secret plans
to come up with a low-carb, low-fat, low-calorie, caffeine-free, additive-free cola.
Rumour has it they plan to call it water.
High-fructose
corn syrup concerns health experts
Another concern is the action of fructose
in the liver, where it is converted into the chemical backbone of triglycerides more
efficiently than glucose. Like low-density lipoprotein -- the most damaging form of
cholesterol -- elevated levels of triglycerides are linked to an increased risk of heart
disease. A University of Minnesota study published in the American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition in 2000 found that in men, but not in women, fructose "produced
significantly higher (blood) levels" than did glucose. The researchers concluded
"diets high in added fructose may be undesirable, particularly for men."
In November, Havel and his colleagues
published a review in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition that examined evidence
from multiple studies. They concluded that large quantities of fructose from a variety of
sources, including table sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, induce insulin resistance,
impair glucose tolerance, produce high levels of insulin, boost a dangerous type of fat in
the blood and cause high blood pressure in animals. "The data in humans are less
clear," the team noted.
Scientists find fructose may have a
sour side
University of Florida researchers have
identified one possible reason for rising obesity rates, and it all starts with fructose,
found in fruit, honey, table sugar and other sweeteners, and in many processed foods.
Fructose may trick you into thinking you
are hungrier than you should be, say the scientists, whose studies in animals have
revealed its role in a biochemical chain reaction that triggers weight gain and other
features of metabolic syndrome — the main precursor to type 2 diabetes. In related
research, they also prevented rats from packing on the pounds by interrupting the way
their bodies processed this simple sugar, even when the animals continued to consume it.
The findings, reported in the December issue of Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology and in
this month’s online edition of the American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology,
add to growing evidence implicating fructose in the obesity epidemic and could influence
future dietary guidelines. UF researchers are now studying whether the same mechanism is
involved in people.
“There may be more than just the
common concept that the reason a person gets fat is because they eat too many calories and
they don’t do enough exercise,” said Dr. Richard J. Johnson, the J. Robert Cade
professor of nephrology and chief of nephrology, hypertension and transplantation at
UF’s College of Medicine. “And although genetic predispositions are obviously
important, there’s some major environmental force driving this process. Our data
suggest certain foods and, in particular, fructose, may actually speed the process for a
person to become obese.”
Physical inactivity, increased caloric
intake and consumption of high-fat foods undoubtedly account for part of the problem,
Johnson said. But Americans are feasting on more fructose than ever. It’s in soft
drinks, jellies, pastries, ketchup and table sugar, among other foods, and is the key
component in high fructose corn syrup, a sugar substitute introduced in the early 1970s.
Since then, fructose intake has soared more
than 30 percent, and the number of people with metabolic syndrome has more than doubled
worldwide, to more than 55 million in the United States alone, Johnson said. The
condition, characterized by insulin resistance, obesity and elevated triglyceride levels
in the blood, is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
“If you feed fructose to animals they
rapidly become obese, with all features of the metabolic syndrome, so there is this strong
causal link,” Johnson said, “And a high-fructose intake has been shown to induce
certain features of the metabolic syndrome pretty rapidly in people.”
Now UF research implicates a rise in uric
acid in the bloodstream that occurs after fructose is consumed, Johnson said. That
temporary spike blocks the action of insulin, which typically regulates how body cells use
and store sugar and other food nutrients for energy. If uric acid levels are frequently
elevated, over time features of metabolic syndrome may develop, including high blood
pressure, obesity and elevated blood cholesterol levels.
Researchers from UF and the Baylor College
of Medicine studied rats fed a high-fructose diet for 10 weeks. Compared with rats fed a
control diet, those on the high-fructose diet experienced a rise in uric acid in the
bloodstream and developed insulin resistance.
“When we blocked or lowered uric acid,
we were able to largely prevent or reverse features of the metabolic syndrome,”
Johnson said. “We were able to significantly reduce weight gain, we were able to
significantly reduce the rise in the triglycerides in the blood, the insulin resistance
was less and the blood pressure fell.”
UF researchers are now studying the uric
acid pathway in cell cultures in the laboratory, in animals and in people, and are also
eyeing it as a possible factor in the development of cardiovascular and kidney diseases
because of its effects on blood vessel responses. They are conducting a National
Institutes of Health-funded trial to determine if lowering uric acid in blacks with
hypertension improves blood pressure control and are collaborating with scientists at
Baylor to determine if lowering uric acid will reduce blood pressure in adolescents with
hypertension.
“We cannot definitively state that
fructose is driving the obesity epidemic,” said Johnson. “But we can say that
there is evidence supporting the possibility that it could have a contributory role —
if not a major role. I think in the next few years we’ll have a better feel for
whether or not these pathways that can be shown in animals may be relevant to the human
condition.”
Findings to date suggest certain sugar
carbohydrates are actually better than others, he added, because some do not activate the
uric acid pathway.
“It may well be we don’t need to
cut out carbohydrates but just certain types of carbohydrates,” Johnson said.
“So this may be an alternative to the Atkins type of approach, which cuts out
carbohydrates indiscriminately.”
As scientists learn more about the pathway,
Johnson said, and as studies are completed in people, the findings may influence how to
make wise choices about the foods we eat.
“With the caveat that people are
different from rodents in many ways, the link between urate levels, blood pressure
elevation and insulin resistance demonstrated in rats fed fructose is extremely
provocative,” said Dr. Brian F. Mandell, vice chairman of medicine for education and
a professor of medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western
Reserve University. “Whether the fructose supplementation to the diet in the United
States is partially responsible for the ‘epidemic’ of obesity remains to be
proven — but this is an association which can be tested, and the work of Dr. Johnson
and his collaborators makes the evaluation of the fructose-metabolic link in people an
academic and public health imperative.”
Kidney Risk May Rise With High
Fructose Consumption
An increased rate of albuminuria was found
in people who reported drinking several sugary (nondiet) soft drinks daily, compared with
those who reported drinking one or fewer sugary soft drinks per day. Mounting evidence
linking high consumption of fructose to an increased risk of kidney disease could have
clinical implications for the treatment of high-risk patients.
http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/results.php?storyarticle=5586
Terug
naar het hoofdmenu
